Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Age (years); mean; (median, IQR)

62.8; (64,19)

53.4; (54,19)

65.7; (68,17)

Male, N (%)

107 (69.5)

24 (66.7%)

83 (70.3)

BMI (kg/m²), mean; (median, IQR)

30.1; (29.4,7.9)

29.9; (29.4,9.3)

30.1; (29.3,7.6)

Underlying diseases

Diabetes mellitus, N (%)

66 (42.9)

10 (27.8)

56 (47.5)

Hypertension, N (%)

105 (68.2)

22 (61.1)

83 (70.3)

CKD, N (%)

33 (21.4)

6 (16.7)

27 (22.9)

Heart failure, N (%)

44 (28.6)

4 (11.1)

40 (33.9)

Coronary artery disesase, N(%)

36 (23.4)

5 (13.9)

31 (26.3)

COPD, N (%)

18 (11.7)

1 (2.8)

17 (14.4)

Liver cirrhosis, N (%)

6 (3.9)

0 (0)

6 (5.1)

Laboratory tests at ICU admission

Serum creatinine (µmol/L); mean; (median, IQR)

290; (190,292)

344; (239,474)

274; (177,254)

BUN (mmol/L); mean; (median, IQR)

20; (16,18)

21; (18,19)

20; (15,17)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2); mean; (median, IQR)

36; (28,48)

34; (21,51)

37; (32,47)

Hemoglobin (g/L); mean ± SD

119 ± 28

117 ± 28

119 ± 28

CRP (mg/L); mean; (median, IQR)

121; (91,147)

147; (115,284)

114; (87,132)

Procalcitonin (µg/L); mean; (median, IQR)

12.7; (1.7,10.2)

20.7; (2,27.8)

10.3; (1.6,6.4)

pH; mean ± SD

7.24 ± 0.14

7.26 ± 0.16

7.24 ± 0.13

Bicarbonate (mmol/L); mean ± SD

19 ± 6

17 ± 6

19 ± 6

Lactate (mmol/L); mean; (median, IQR)

3.8; (2.5,3.3)

3.2; (2.2,3.1)

4; (2.6,3.6)

Sodium (mmol/L); mean; (median, IQR)

138; (139,7)

137; (136,6)

139; (139,7)

Potassium (mmol/L); mean; (median, IQR)

4.7; (4.4,1.4)

4.6; (4.4,1.8)

4.8; (4.4,1.3)

Calcium (mmol/L); mean; (median, IQR)

1.91; (1.93,0.24)

1.85; (1.87,0.32)

1.92; (1.94,0.21)

Serum albumin (g/L); mean; (median, IQR)

26; (26,7)

26; (27,9)

26; (26,7)

Disease severity

APACHE II score; mean; (median, IQR)*

27; (29,14)

25; (28,20)

28; (29,13)

SOFA score; mean; (median, IQR) **

11; (11,4)

11; (11,5)

11; (11,4)

CCI; mean; (median, IQR)

3.7; (4,3)

2.1; (2,3)

4.2; (4,4)

Mechanical ventilation, N (%)

136 (88.3)

30 (83.3)

106 (89.8)