Table 1 Clinical-demographic and laboratory characteristics of all the participants

Age (years) ^{median (IQR)}

51 (40–59)

55 (35–66)

38 (29–52)

< 0.0001^a*

Males, n (%)

90 (88.2%)

111 (68%)

66 (57.4%)

< 0.0001^a*

Females, n (%)

12 (11.8%)

52 (31.9%)

49 (42.6%)

Creatinine (mg/dL) ^{median (IQR)}

1.47 (1.29–1.98)

5.22 (1.83–11.14)

0.79 (0.62–0.91)

< 0.0001^b*

Urea (mg/dL) ^{median (IQR)}

49 (41-65.9)

106 (66.35–183.5)

32 (26–38)

< 0.0001^b*

Microalbumin (mg/L) ^{median (IQR)}

30 (10–150)

150 (80–150)

-

< 0.0001^c*

uACR (mg/g) ^{median (IQR)}

167.7 (47.25–947.0)

1894 (470.8–1894)

-

< 0.0001^c*

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

^{median (IQR)}

52.24 (38.45–60.77)

10.62

(4.40–37)

108 (97.15–118.2)

< 0.0001^b*

eGFR < 60 mL/min (%)

27.8%

3.1%

-

-

CKD stage 3 (%)

57.7%

29.8%

-

-

CKD stage 4 (%)

9.2%

13.6%

-

-

CKD stage 5 (%)

5.1%

53.4%

-

-

PD, n (%)

-

59 (36.1%)

-

-

HD, n (%)

6 (5.8%)

27 (16.5%)

-

-

Glucose (mg/dL) ^{median (IQR)}

94 (87-103.8)

107.5 (88.7-130.3)

81 (76–86)

< 0.0001^b*

BMI (kg/m²) ^{median (IQR)}

25.39 (22.67–28.98)

25.40 (22.77–27.65)

25.27 (23.35–28.26)

0.9156^b

Cholesterol (mg/dL) ^{median (IQR)}

163 (138–196)

136 (109–179)

190.5 (153.8-220.5)

< 0.0001^b*

Triglycerides (mg/dL) ^{median (IQR)}

133 (98-204.5)

129 (98.6–165)

108 (78.5-151.5)

0.0028^b*

T2D, n (%)

23 (22.6%)

85 (52.7%)

-

< 0.0001^a*

HTN, n (%)

42 (41.2%)

130 (80%)

-

< 0.0001^a*

T CD4⁺ (cels/ µL) ^{median (IQR)}

496 (323–707)

-

-

-

T CD4 nadir (cels/ µL) ^{median (IQR)}

112 (30.5-272.3)

-

-

-

Viral loads (copies/mL) ^{median (IQR)}

39 (39–39)

-

-

-

Nadir viral load of VIH

(copies/mL) ^{median (IQR)}

77,519 (15,870 − 257,892)

-

-

-

Current ART treatment

Biktarvy, n (%)

69 (67.65%)

-

-

-

Movitrem, n (%)

3 (2.94%)

-

-

-

Kivexa, n (%)

7 (6.86%)

-

-

-

DTG/3TC, n (%)

23 (22.55%)

-

-

-

Inflammation biomarkers

hs-CRP (mg/L) ^{median (IQR)}

2.067 (0.824–5.454)

3.386 (0.963–7.023)

1.424 (0.665–3.404)

0.0023^b*

hs-CRP ≥ 3.5 (mg/L), n (%)

41 (40.20%)

85 (52.47%)

25 (26.31%)

0.0002^a*

hs-CRP < 3.5 (mg/L), n (%)

61 (59.80%)

77 (47.53%)

70 (73.68%)

IL-6 (pg/mL) ^{median (IQR)}

3.378 (1.513–6.140)

6.424 (3.403–20.43)

-

< 0.0001^c*

IL-8 (pg/mL) ^{median (IQR)}

992.1 (588.7- 1,641)

693.1 (297.9-1,196)

-

0.0253^c*

IL-18 (pg/mL) ^{median (IQR)}

2,798 (1,791-4,161)

2,901 (1,184-4,691)

-

0.8036^c