Role of exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy

Barr, Shaimaa I.; Abd El-Azeem, Eman M.; Bessa, Sahar S.; Mohamed, Tarek M.

doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04120-4

BMC Nephrology

Table 3 Role of urinary exosomal miRNA and mRNA as biomarkers for DN

From: Role of exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy

		Level	Type of diabetes	Species	No. of participants case/(control)	Detection method of miRNA/mRNA	Comparing groups	Disease condition	Ref
miRNA	miR-145-5p, miR-27a-3p	↑	Type 2	Human	20/(20 DM, 20 HC)	RT-qPCR	DKD group vs. DM group and healthy control	UACR > 30 mg/g	[88]
	miRNA-615-3p	↑	Type 2	Human	42/(21 DM, 20 HC)	RT-qPCR.	DKD group vs. DM group and healthy control	UACR > 30 mg/g	[89]
	miR-92a-1-5p	↑	Type 2	Human	44/(36)	RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR	DN vs. healthy control	eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73m2	[38]
	miR663a	↓	Type 2	Human	5 PDKD, 4 NPDKD, 5 DM, 3 HC	RT-qPCR	PDKD vs. NPDKD vs. DM vs. HC	eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2; 24-h urine protein excretion of ≥ 500 mg	[90]
	miR-103a-3p, miR-151a-5p, miR-191-5p, miR-1972, miR-22-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-30d5p, miR-361-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-4454, miR-200c-3p, miR-619-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-574-3p	↑	Type 2	Human	9/(9)	Microarray Analysis, Taqman qPCR	DN vs. DM without kidney disease	………	[63]
	miR-126, miR-155, miR-146	↑	Type 2	Human	30/(34 DM, 28 HC)	Taqman qPCR	Patients with albuminuria vs. healthy controls and patients without albuminuria.	Urinary albumin > 30 mg/L	[91]
	miR-4534	↑	Type 2	Human	17/(17)	Microarray Analysis, RT-qPCR	DKD vs. DM	Urinary microalbuminuria ≥300 mg/24 h	[92]
	miR-19b-3p	↑	Type 2	Human	28/(15)	RT-qPCR	DN vs. DM	Biopsy-proven ACR> 30 mg/g; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[39]
	miR-188-5p, miR-150-3p, miR-760, miR-3677-3p, miR-548ah-3p, miR-548p, miR-320e, and miR-23c	↑	—–	Human	6 DKD	Next-generation sequencing. (small RNA sequencing)	Nephrotic DKD at different stage, and non-diabetic CKD patients as control	UPCR > 300 mg/g	[93]
	miR-133a-3p and miR-153-3p	↓	—–	Human	6 DKD	Next-generation sequencing. (small RNA sequencing)		UPCR > 300 mg/g	[93]
	miR-21-5p, let-7e-5p and miR-23b-3p	↑	Type 2	Human	14/(15)	RT-qPCR	DKD vs. DM with normal renal function	UACR > 3 mg/mmol; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[94]
	miR-30b-5p and miR-125b-5p	↓	Type 2	Human	14/(15)	RT-qPCR	DKD vs. DM with normal renal function	UACR > 3 mg/mmol; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[94]
	let-7c-5p	↑	Type 2	Human	28/(20 DM; 15 HC)	RT-qPCR	DKD group vs. DM group and healthy control	ACR>25 mg/mmol; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[95]
	miR29c-5p and miR-15b-5p	↓	Type 2	Human	28/(20 DM; 15 HC)	RT-qPCR	DKD group vs. DM group and healthy control	ACR>25 mg/mmol; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[95]
	miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p, and miR-150-5p	↑	Type 2	Human	5/(5) Verification 20/(20)	RT-qPCR	DM with macroalbuminuria vs. DM with normoalbuminuria	ACR>25mg/mmol AER=300–800 mg/24 h eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[96]
	miR-15a-5p	↓	Type 2	Human	5/(5) Verification 20/(20)	RT-qPCR	DM with macroalbuminuria vs. DM with normoalbuminuria	ACR>25mg/mmol AER=300–800 mg/24 h eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[96]
	miR-451-5p	↑	Type 1	Rat	…….	RT-qPCR	Diabetic rats after 6 weeks vs. 9 weeks vs. non-diabetic rats	…….	[97]
	miR-133b, miR-342, miR-30a	↑	Type 2	Human	44 Ma/66 Mi/56 No/54 HC	RT-qPCR	Ma vs. Mi vs. No vs. HC	UACR > 30 mg/g	[98]
	miR-15b, miR-34a, miR-636	↑	Type 2	Human	90/(46 DM; 44 HC)	Syber green-based PCR array; RT-qPCR	Patients with albuminuria vs. healthy controls and patients without albuminuria.	UACR > 30 μg/mg	[99]
	miR-320c	↑	Type 2	Human	(5 Mi; 3 No)/(8 DM; 8 HC) Verification 5 Mi/(6 DM; 6 HC)	RT-qPCR	DN group (No, Mi) vs. DM group and healthy control	UACR > 30 mg/g; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	[49]
	miR-130a and miR-145	↑	Type 1	Human Mice	12/(12)	Taqman qPCR	Microalbuminuria vs. Normoalbuminuria Diabetic vs. non-diabetic mice	AER> 20 μg/min; ACR>25 mg/mmol	[100]
	miR-155 and miR-424 miR-145	↓ ↑	Type 1	Human Mice	12/(12)	Taqman qPCR		AER> 20 μg/min; ACR>25 mg/mmol	[100]
	miR-144–3p, miR-26a-5p, and miR-30c-5p miR-31–5p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-671–5p	↑ ↑	Type 1	Human	8/(5) 17/(18)	Next-generation sequencing. (small RNA sequencing)	Overt vs. No PMA vs. IMA	AER> 200 μg/min AER> 20–200 μg/min;	[101]
	hsa-miR-320b, hsa-miR-30d-5p, hsa-miR-30e-3p, hsa-miR-30c-5p, hsa-miR-190a-5p, hsa-miR-29c-5p, hsa-miR-98–3p, hsa-miR-331–3p, hsa-let-7a-3p, hsa-miR-106b-3p, hsa-miR-30b-5p, hsa-miR-99b-5p, and hsa-let-7f-1–3p	↓	Type 1	Human	5/(4)	Paired-end sequencing (small RNA sequencing)	DKD group vs. healthy control	eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m²; UACR > 30 mg/g	[102]
mRNA	UMOD mRNA	↑	Type 2	Human	44 Ma/66 Mi/56 No/54 HC	RT-qPCR	Ma vs. Mi vs. No vs. HC	UACR > 30 mg/g	[68]
	UMOD mRNA	↑	Type 2	Human	19 Mild DKD; 15 sever DKD; 11 CKD; 166 DM;18 OC; 18 HC	RT-qPCR	Mild DKD vs. sever DKD vs. CKD vs. DM vs. OC vs. HC	ACR> 30 mg/g; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2	[103]
	SLC12A1 mRNA, NDUFB2 mRNA	↑	Type 2	Human	19 Mild DKD; 15 sever DKD; 11 CKD; 166 DM;18 OC; 18 HC	RT-qPCR	Mild DKD vs. sever DKD vs. CKD vs. DM vs. OC vs. HC	ACR> 30 mg/g; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2	[103]
	CCL21 mRNA	↑	Type 2	Human	32/(19 DM, 20 HC)	RT-qPCR	DN group vs. DM group and healthy control	Biopsy-proven UACR > 30 mg/g	[104]
	WT-1 mRNA	↑	Type 2	Human	10/(5)	RT-qPCR	Overt DN vs. healthy control	24h urinary protein> 3g/day	[105]
	MAP7, MSRB1, GPX3, IL32, NOX4, HRSP12, TINAG, CAPN3, CXCL14, MSRA, CRYAB, RBP5, and TMEM9	↑	Type 1	Human	17/(37)	Genome-wide sequencing (mRNA sequencing)	Macroalbuminuria vs. Normoalbuminuria	AER> 30 mg/day	[106]

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