Table 2 Role of urinary exosomal protein as biomarkers for DN
From: Role of exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy
Protein | Â | Level | Type of diabetes | Species | No. of participants case/(control) | Detection method of exosomal protein | Comparing groups | Disease condition | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF | Transferrin | ↑ | Type 2 | Human | 15 DM 3, 36 DM2, 74 DM 1, 19 HC | LC-MS/MS Western blot | DKD (DM 3, DM 2) vs. DM 1 vs. HC | ACR> 30 mg/g | [77] |
SERPINA1 | Alpha-1 antitrypsin | ↑ | |||||||
AFM | Afamin | ↑ | |||||||
CTSD | Cathepsin D | ↓ | |||||||
PHYHD1 | Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase domain containing 1 | ↑ | Type 2 | Human | 20 DN, 20 NDRD, 16 T2DM, 21 HC | DIA-MS data acquisition. ELISA | DN vs. NDRD vs. T2DM vs. HC | Kidney biopsy | [78] |
PAK6 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase Epidermal growth factor receptor | ↑ ↑ | Type 2 | Human | 48/(48 T2DM, 48 HC) | LC-MS/MS Western blot ELISA | DN vs. T2DM and HC | ACR> 30 mg/g; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | [79] |
EGF | Epidermal growth factor receptor | ↑ | |||||||
AMBP MLL3 | α-microglobulin/bikunin precursor Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase | ↑ ↑ | —– | Human | 8/(8) | LC–MS/MS SRM | DN vs. HC | ACR> 30 mg/g. eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 | [70] |
MLL3 | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase | ↑ | |||||||
VDAC1 | Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 | ↓ | |||||||
Regucalcin (SMP30) | Senescence marker protein-30 | ↓ | Type 2 | Rat Human | ………. Urine 4/(3) Tissue 7/(4) | 2-dimensional DIGE Western blot, IHC, SRM | STZ-induced diabetic rat with renal fibrosis vs. HC DN vs. HC | eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 Urine protein excretion of ≥ 150 mg/24 h | [80] |
WT-1 | Wilm’s tumor-1 | ↑ | Type 1 | Human | 18/(30 DM, 25 HC) WT1 detected in 19 out of 31 | Western blot Immunoblot | T1DM with proteinuria vs. T1DM without proteinuria and HC T1DM | ACR> 30 mg/g. Microalbumin >20 µg/min | [81] [82] |
PEPD | Xaa-Pro dipeptidase | ↑ | Type 2 | Rat | 7/(7) | nLC-ESI-MS/MS Immunoblotting | ZDF rats sacrificed after 12 weeks, 20 weeks vs. lean control |  ...... | [83] |
MUP-1 | Major Urinary Protein −1 | ↓ | |||||||
AQP5, AQP2 | Aquaporins | ↑ | Type 2 | Human | 12 DN, 12 DM, 11 NDN, 7 HC | ELISA Western blot | DN vs. DM vs. NDN vs. HC | Biopsy-proven | [84] |
UMOD | Uromodulin | ↑ | Type 2 | Human | 22 Ma, 32 Mi, 46 No, 31 HC | ELISA | Ma vs. Mi vs. No vs. HC | ACR> 30 mg/g | [85] |
CD 63 |  | ↓ | —– | Human | 8 Mi, 13 No | Flow cytometry | Mi vs. No | UAER from 30,300 mg/24 h | [86] |
C-megalin |  | ↑ | Type 2 | Human | 19 Ma, 17 Mi, 20 No, 19 HC | Immunoblotting | Ma vs. Mi vs. No vs. HC | ACR> 30 mg/g | [87] |