Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions in acute kidney injury: a literature review

BMC Nephrology

Table 5 Anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of AKI and the corresponding mechanisms

Anti-inflammatory drugs	Mechanisms
Tacrolimus [51]	Blockade nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit
Glucocorticoids [51, 52]	Inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB and reduce mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
Remdesivir [54]	Inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome
Metformin [61]	Inhibit inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, ER stress
Pioglitazone [62]	Inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress
IL-1 receptor antagonists [63, 64]	Inhibit inflammasome-IL-1α/IL-1β-IL-1Receptor system
Infliximab [66]	Inhibit TNF

Note: NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B, NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3, ER: Endoplasmic reticulum, IL: Interleukin, TNF: Tumor necrosis factor

ISSN: 1471-2369