Table 1 The comparison of the characteristics of the study participants stratified according to sex and ethnicity

Socio-demographic profile

Age (years)

24.5 ± 3.28

24.4 ± 3.05

0.63

24.4 ± 3.06

24.7 ± 3.03

0.17

SES class

< 0.001

< 0.001

Low n/total (%)

Medium n/total (%)

High n/total (%)

161/296 (54.4%)

62/305 (20.3%)

176/277 (63.5%)

52/277 (18.8%)

90/296 (30.4%)

95/305 (31.1%)

67/277 (24.2%)

87/277 (31.4%)

45/296 (15.2%)

148/305 (48.5%)

34/277 (12.3%)

138/277(49.8%)

Blood pressure measurements

24-hour SBP (mmHg)

112 ± 8.47

112 ± 8.60

0.93

119 ± 8.36

123 ± 7.44

< 0.001

24-hour DBP (mmHg)

68.1 ± 5.53

67.4 ± 5.59

0.12

69.4 ± 6.34

69.8 ± 5.95

0.47

24-hour Heart rate (beats/min)

81.2 ± 8.82

76.5 ± 10.1

< 0.001

68.8 ± 8.68

70.2 ± 9.40

0.079

Anthropometric measurements

Weight (kg)

67.7 ± 15.8

68.1 ± 16.1

0.070

64.6 ± 13.0

85.9 ± 16.1

< 0.001

Height (cm)

159 ± 6.05

166 ± 6.17

< 0.001

169 ± 6.61

179 ± 6.28

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

26.1 (18.1–39.7)

24.0 (18.3–35.3)

< 0.001

22.0 (17.3–30.0)

26.3 (20.2–35.9)

< 0.001

WC (cm)

77.9 (61.8–102)

75.7 (63.4–100)

0.017

76.2 (64.2–94.0)

88.6 (73.9–110)

< 0.001

Biochemical measurements

LDL- C (mmol/L)

2.24 (1.13–3.74)

2.42 (1.25–4.28)

0.012

1.88 (0.87–3.62)

2.49 (2.28–4.71)

< 0.001

HDL- C (mmol/L)

1.19 ± 0.36

1.35 ± 0.45

< 0.001

1.08 ± 0.38

0.96 ± 0.33

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

3.66 ± 0.88

4.10 ± 1.20

< 0.001

3.25 ± 1.00

3.98 ± 1.44

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.63 (0.34–1.33)

0.76 (0.32–1.84)

< 0.001

0.65 (0.28–1.50)

0.86 (0.34–2.22)

< 0.001

GGT (U/L)

21.1 (8.75–61.7)

12.2 (5.00-35.5)

< 0.001

23.4 (8.30–82.9)

18.5 (6.37–52.7)

< 0.001

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.18 ± 0.90

4.24 ± 1.00

0.43

3.63 ± 1.08

4.25 ± 1.16

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.47 ± 0.29

5.21 ± 0.27

< 0.001

5.40 ± 0.29

5.17 ± 0.28

< 0.001

C-reactive protein (mg/l)

1.77 (0.15–14.9)

0.50 (0.08–10.8)

< 0.001

0.56 (0.06–5.53)

0.63 (0.07–5.93)

0.30

Cotinine (ng/ml)

1.98 (1-177)

2.22 (1-253)

0.43

8.46 (1-455)

4.61 (1-338)

0.005

Kidney variables

s(P)RR (ng/ml)

21.8 (16.6–29.2)

22.9 (17.2–31.2)

< 0.001

22.0 (16.9–29.8)

24.5 (19.1–32.2)

< 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

120 ± 16.9

115 ± 23.5

0.001

132 ± 20.1

123 ± 27.1

< 0.001

uACR (mg/mmol)

0.52 (0.16–2.29)

0.55 (0.19–2.79)

0.43

0.49 (0.14–2.29)

0.40 (0.15–1.64)

0.002

uA1M (ng/ml)

29.6 (5.04–105)

33.4 (6.88–148)

0.15

50.1 (9.68–209)

39.4 (728 − 143)

0.003

Electrolytes

24-hour urinary Na⁺ (mmol/L)

141 ± 66.5

112 ± 64.6

< 0.001

147 ± 71.1

121 ± 60.1

< 0.001

24-hour urinary K⁺ (mmol/L)

37.8 (11.1–108)

52.7 (13.6–142)

< 0.001

32.2 (8.03-93.0)

50.5 (14.7–137)

< 0.001

24-hour urinary Na⁺: K⁺ratio

3.40 (1.38–10.1)

1.87 (0.46–5.74)

< 0.001

4.16 (1.52–10.9)

2.12 (0.72–6.75)

< 0.001

Lifestyle factors

Alcohol n/total (%)

146/292 (50.0%)

160/305 (52.5%)

0.55

169/275 (61.5%)

165/276 (59.8%)

0.68

Smoking n/total (%)

26/296 (8.8%)

50/305 (16.4%)

0.005

117/277 (42.2%)

77/277 (27.8%)

< 0.001

TEE(kCal/day)

21.2 (15.6–29.8)

21.0 (16.0-31.1)

0.54

22.3 (18.0-28.6)

25.6 (19.7–33.1)

< 0.001