Incidence of acute kidney injury-associated mortality in hospitalized children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zarei, Hamed; Azimi, Amir; Ansarian, Arash; Raad, Arian; Tabatabaei, Hossein; Roshdi Dizaji, Shayan; Saadatipour, Narges; Dadras, Ayda; Ataei, Neamatollah; Hosseini, Mostafa; Yousefifard, Mahmoud

doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04033-2

Table 2 Risk of bias assessment by NHLBI tool in included studies

From: Incidence of acute kidney injury-associated mortality in hospitalized children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study	Item 1	Item 2	Item 3	Item 4a	Item 4b	Item 5	Item 6	Item 7	Item 8	Item 9	Item 10	Item 11	Item 12	Item 13	Item 14
Adegboyega, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Ahn, 2024	Yes	Yes	CD	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Akcan-Arikan, 2007	Yes	No	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	NR	Yes
Al Gharabieh, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Algadeeb, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Al-Mouqdad, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Alobaidi, 2019	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Alvarez-Hernandez, 2015	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Arruda Moraes, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Bakkaloglu, 2024	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	CD	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	NR	Yes
Basu, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Bauer, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Bradshaw, 2019	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	No	Yes	CD	NR	No	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	No
Chen, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Coggins, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Conroy, 2019	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Conroy, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Cui, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Dang, 2022	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Bezerra, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Deep, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Demiroz, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Dos Santos El Halal, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Downes, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Elgendy, 2024	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	NR	CD	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Elgendy,2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	NR	CD	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Elgendy, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	NR	CD	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Esmaeili, 2024	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Fitzgerald, 2016	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Fleming, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Gil-Ruiz, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Hasson, 2024	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Hessey, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Hingorani, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Hirabayashi, 2022	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Hui, 2013	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Iamwat, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Ibrahim, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Imani, 2013	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Jetton, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Kaddourah, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Kari, 2017	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	NA	CD	Yes
Kasililika, 2020	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Khatana, 2023	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	CD	CD	CD	Yes	NA	CD	Yes
Kriplani, 2016	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	CD	Yes
Kuai, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Kuai, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes
Kumar Sethi, 2023	Yes	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	CD	Yes
Leow, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Lobasso, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Lu, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Medar, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Mengqi, 2020	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Moffett, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Mohamed, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Morgan, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Murdeshwar, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Nakwan, 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Namazzi, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Özçakar, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Patel, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Pedersen, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Pillon, 2019	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Piyaphanee, 2020	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	No	Yes
Plumb, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Prodhan, 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Raina, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Raina, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Robinson, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Rozmiarek, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Sainathan, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Sanchez-Pinto, 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Schneider, 2010	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Schueller, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	CD	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Selewski, 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Selewski, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Shalaby, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Sharma, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Singh, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Slagle, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Smith, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Srinivasan, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Stanski, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	No	Yes
Starr, 2020	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	No	Yes
Stojanović, 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	CD	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Umapathi, 2020	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Üstün, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	No	Yes
Varadarajan, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Vincent, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Wang, 2022	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Wei, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Wingert, 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Xu, 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Xu, 2018	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	CD	Yes
Zwiers, 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes

CD, cannot determine; NA, Not applicable; NR, not reported

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