Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of enrolled patients
Variables | All | HEI score groups | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 241) | HEI score ≤ 8 (n = 218) | HEI score > 8 (n = 23) | ||
Men (n, %) | 178 (73.9) | 160 (73.4) | 18 (78.3) | 0.613 |
Age (years) | 51.4 ± 9.6 | 51.7 ± 9.7 | 48.7 ± 7.7 | 0.164 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.80 ± 3.73 | 25.74 ± 3.75 | 26.36 ± 3.59 | 0.455 |
Current Smoker (n, %) | 171 (71.8) | 156 (72.2) | 15 (68.2) | 0.688 |
Hypertension(n, %) | 198 (82.2) | 176 (80.7) | 22 (95.7) | 0.076 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144 ± 23 | 143 ± 23 | 155 ± 24 | 0.018 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86 ± 13 | 86 ± 13 | 85 ± 14 | 0.972 |
Diabetic duration (months) | 96 (48, 144) | 102 (48, 156) | 108 (60, 144) | 0.88 |
Diabetic retinopathy (n, %) | 122 (53.5) | 106 (51.5) | 16 (72.7) | 0.057 |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 7.36 (5.69, 9.84) | 7.39 (5.79, 10.17) | 6.55 (4.91,9.61) | 0.105 |
Serum albumin (g/L) | 35.3 (29.2,40.4) | 36.5 (30.3, 41.5) | 28.8 (24.8,32.5) | < 0.001 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin(%) | 7.5 (6.5, 8.7) | 7.4 (6.5, 8.6) | 8 (6.6, 9) | 0.577 |
Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 114 (80, 150) | 111 (78, 149) | 134 (113, 223) | 0.009 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60 (43, 93) | 61 (43, 93) | 52 (28, 59) | 0.005 |
Uric acid (µmol/L) | 379 ± 93 | 379 ± 95 | 379 ± 72 | 0.987 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.82 (1.31, 2.45) | 1.84 (1.32, 2.54) | 1.69 (1.19, 1.98) | 0.213 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.03 (4.15, 6.18) | 4.99 (4.02, 6.14) | 5.26 (4.38,6.75) | 0.215 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.74 (2.00, 3.66) | 2.73 (1.99, 3.65) | 2.97 (2.27,3.75) | 0.382 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.19 (1, 1.61) | 1.18 (0.99, 1.60) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.71) | 0.213 |
Proteinuria (g/24 h) | 4.3 (1.9, 8.0) | 3.8 (1.8, 7.8) | 6.7 (5.2, 17.7) | < 0.001 |
Stage 1, 2, 3, 4 CKD (KDIGO), n | 63/58/97/23 | 62/54/85/17 | 1/4/12/6 | 0.004 |
Progressed to kidney failure (%) | 89 (36.9) | 68 (31.2) | 21 (91.3) | < 0.001 |
RAAS inhibitors (n, %) | 195 (80.9) | 178 (81.7) | 17 (73.9) | 0.369 |
Oral antihyperglycemic drugs (n, %) | 153 (63.7) | 137 (63.1) | 16 (69.6) | 0.542 |
SGLT2 inhibitors (n, %) | 19 (7.9) | 18 (8.3) | 1 (4.3) | 0.505 |
DPP4 inhibitors (n, %) | 38 (15.8) | 34 (15.7) | 4 (17.4) | 0.830 |
Thiazolidinediones (n, %) | 29 (12.1) | 28 (12.9) | 1 (4.3) | 0.231 |
Sulfonylureas (n, %) | 52 (21.8) | 46 (21.2) | 6 (27.3) | 0.511 |
Metformin (n, %) | 148 (61.7) | 132 (60.8) | 16 (69.6) | 0.413 |
α-glucosidase inhibitors (n, %) | 101(42.1) | 93 (42.8) | 8 (34.8) | 0.456 |
Meglitinides (n, %) | 7 (2.9) | 7 (3.2) | 0 | 0.382 |
Polypharmacy (n, %) | 131 (54.6) | 120 (55.3) | 11 (47.8) | 0.494 |
Insulin use (n, %) | 194 (80.5) | 174 (79.8) | 20 (87) | 0.411 |
Statins (n, %) | 132 (55.2) | 121 (56) | 11 (47.8) | 0.453 |