Fig. 2

Performance of the random forest model in external validation for the P30, P20 and P10 criteria. The probability thresholds used to evaluate the model’s performance metrics were 0.80 for the P30 criteria, 0.65 for the P20 criteria, and 0.45 for the P10 criteria. AUC: area under the curve; Acc: accuracy; Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; PPV: Predictive positive value; NPV: Negative predictive value