Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study ID | Country | Study design | Study population | AKI definition | Number of participants | Number (%) of males | Mean (SD) or median (IQR) for age (year) | Comorbidities | Surgery type | Care bundle | Definition of control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fleming et al. 2016 | UK | Prospective observational | Patients undergoing cardiac surgery during October 2010 before and during July 2011 after implementation of the ERACS protocol | Raised creatinine level of more than 30% from the preoperative level | Total: 105; Case: 52; Ctrl: 53 | Total: 76 (72.38%); Case: 38 (73.1%); Ctrl: 38 (71.7%) | Case: 68.6 (11.1); Ctrl: 66.5 (11.8) | HF, angina pectoralis, hypertension, previous MI, COPD, PONV, hypercholesterolemia | CABG, CABG + AVR, CABG + MVR, AVR, MVR | ERACS with preoperative and postoperative bundles | Patients undergoing cardiac surgery before implementation of the ERACS protocol |
Meersch et al. 2017 | Germany | Open-label parallel-group RCT | Adults at high risk for AKI who underwent cardiac surgery with the use of CPB at the University of Muenster, Germany, between August 2014 and December 2015 | KDIGO criteria | Total: 276; Int: 138; Ctrl: 138 | Total: 199 (72.1%); Int: 94 (68.1%); Ctrl: 105 (76.1%) | Int: 68.4 (11.2); Ctrl: 68.3 (11.6) | Hypertension, diabetes, COPD, CKD, previous heart surgery, MI, AF | CABG, valve, CABG + valve, other | KDIGO CT surgery bundle | Standard care |
Engelman et al. 2020 | US | Retrospective observational | Adults undergoing a cardiac operation with CPB between July 2016 and June 2018 | KDIGO criteria | Total: 847; Case: 412; Ctrl: 435 | Total: 613 (72.4%); Case: 311 (75.5%); Ctrl: 302 (69.4%) | Case: 66.3 (10.5); Ctrl: 66.3 (10.6) | Diabetes, dyslipidemia, CLD, hypertension, liver disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, sleep apnea, depression, peripheral artery disease, previous MI, cardiac arrhythmia, previous cardiac intervention | CABG, CABG + AVR, CABG + MVR, AVR, MVR, AVR + MVR, MV repair, MV repair + CABG, others | KDIGO cardiac surgery bundle | Standard care |
Zarbock et al. 2021 | 12 centers in Europe (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK) | Open-label parallel-group RCT | Adults undergoing cardiac surgery involving the use of CPB between November 2017 and November 2019 | KDIGO criteria | Total: 278; Int: 136; Ctrl: 142 | Total: 195 (70.1%); Int: 94 (69.1%); Ctrl: 101 (71.1%) | Int: 66.9 (10.6); Ctrl: 66.0 (10.3) | Hypertension, diabetes, COPD, CKD, previous heart surgery, MI, AF | CABG, Valve, CABG + valve, other | KDIGO bundle | Standard care |
Hoogma et al. 2022 | Belgium | Retrospective observational | Adults undergoing cardiac surgery at the University Hospitals Leuven and being admitted to the PACU-centric ERACS program between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019 | AKI network | Total: 356; Case: 356; Ctrl: 0 | Total: 258 (72.4%); Case: 258 (72.4%); Ctrl: 0 | Case: 66 (57–73) | NA | CABG, valve surgery, full sternotomy, minimally invasive, CPB | ERACS | None |
Khoury et al. 2023 | Israel | Retrospective observational | Patients with MI admitted following PCI between January 2008 and December 2020 | KDIGO criteria | Total: 2646; Case: 705; Ctrl: 1941 | Total: 2156 (81.5%); Case: 589 (83.5%); Ctrl: 1567 (80.7%) | Case: 62 (13); Ctrl: 62 (13) | Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, anemia | PCI | AKI-CB | Before the AKI–CB implementation |
Massoth et al. 2023 | Six centers in Germany, Spain, and Russia | Prospective observational | Adults undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB between February and November 2021 | KDIGO criteria | Total: 537; Case: 537; Ctrl: 0 | Total: 367 (68.3); Case: 367 (68.3); Ctrl: 0 | Case: 66 (58.72) | HF, preoperative IABP, COPD, diabetes, previous cardiac surgery | Emergency surgery, CABG, Valve, CABG + valve, other | KDIGO bundle | None |