Table 2 Summary of each technique

Lung Ultrasound (LUS)

Detects extravascular lung water and pulmonary congestion by assessing B-lines

Identifying and monitoring pulmonary congestion, guiding ultrafiltration goals, and assessing response to interventions

Static

Echocardiography

Assesses cardiac structure and function, IVC diameter and collapsibility, and left ventricular filling pressures (E/e’ ratio)

Evaluating volume status, monitoring response to interventions, and identifying patients at risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes

Static

Venous Excess Ultrasound (VEXUS)

Evaluates venous congestion in multiple organ systems using hepatic, portal, and renal Doppler patterns and IVC assessment

Identifying patients with subclinical venous congestion, guiding targeted interventions, and predicting decline in residual renal function

Static

Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA)

Measures resistance and reactance of body tissues to estimate fluid compartments and body composition

Quantifying fluid overload, guiding ultrafiltration goals, and monitoring response to interventions

Static

Passive Leg Raise (PLR)

Increases venous return to assess preload responsiveness and predict hemodynamic tolerance to fluid removal

Predicting risk of intradialytic hypotension, guiding ultrafiltration profiling, and informing fluid removal strategies

Dynamic